From to the invasions of Ahmad Shah Durrani. Daftar II 1771 – 1830
The original text is written in Persian (Farsi). If you're not familiar with Persian, you can try searching for translations or summaries in other languages. There are some partial translations and analyses available in English, French, and other languages.
The is widely considered by historians as the most authoritative and detailed contemporary primary source for the history of the Punjab during the Sikh Empire . Critical Review Summary
The original Umdat-ut-Tawarikh was written in Persian, the court language of the time. However, the most accessible version for Punjabi readers is the compiled by Vir Singh and later edited by Professor Ganda Singh . A PDF search usually aims for this Gurmukhi version, as it retains the historical nuance of Persian terminology while being readable to Sikh scholars.
Given its importance, several major digital archives have made the English translation of the Umdat-ut-Tawarikh available online in PDF format. Here’s where you can find them.
Chronicles the history of the Sikhs from the birth of Guru Nanak Dev Ji to the era of Ahmad Shah Durrani.
The chronicle is divided into five volumes, or daftars , which capture the rise and tragic fall of the Sikh kingdom:
From to the invasions of Ahmad Shah Durrani. Daftar II 1771 – 1830
The original text is written in Persian (Farsi). If you're not familiar with Persian, you can try searching for translations or summaries in other languages. There are some partial translations and analyses available in English, French, and other languages.
The is widely considered by historians as the most authoritative and detailed contemporary primary source for the history of the Punjab during the Sikh Empire . Critical Review Summary
The original Umdat-ut-Tawarikh was written in Persian, the court language of the time. However, the most accessible version for Punjabi readers is the compiled by Vir Singh and later edited by Professor Ganda Singh . A PDF search usually aims for this Gurmukhi version, as it retains the historical nuance of Persian terminology while being readable to Sikh scholars.
Given its importance, several major digital archives have made the English translation of the Umdat-ut-Tawarikh available online in PDF format. Here’s where you can find them.
Chronicles the history of the Sikhs from the birth of Guru Nanak Dev Ji to the era of Ahmad Shah Durrani.
The chronicle is divided into five volumes, or daftars , which capture the rise and tragic fall of the Sikh kingdom: