v2=2×9.81×45=882.9≈29.71 m/sv sub 2 equals the square root of 2 cross 9.81 cross 45 end-root equals the square root of 882.9 end-root is approximately equal to 29.71 m/s Conclusion
High-velocity water exiting a spillway possesses massive kinetic energy. If left unchecked, this high-velocity (supercritical) flow will erode the riverbed downstream, undermining the dam's foundation. Seepage and Foundation Piping fluid mechanics dams problems and solutions pdf
To solve high seepage issues, a "grout curtain" (an impermeable barrier) is injected into the foundation to lengthen the flow path, while relief wells are drilled to safely discharge water and reduce pressure. 3. Spillway Hydraulics and Energy Dissipation v2=2×9
Designing for energy dissipation, preventing cavitation at high velocities, and determining discharge capacity. preventing cavitation at high velocities