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Through economic coercion and military conflicts like the Opium Wars, Western nations established spheres of influence in Qing China and directly colonised the Indian subcontinent. You can borrow the digital edition for free

These routes carried more than merchandise; they allowed mathematical concepts, artistic styles, and religious philosophies (such as Buddhism and Christianity) to cross continents. The Age of Discovery they allowed mathematical concepts

As European nations realized their military and technological advantages, peaceful contact frequently shifted into systemic conflict. The rise of imperialism and colonialism led to the subjugation of vast territories across Asia, Africa, and the Americas. and the Americas.