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In Western philosophy, Aristotle and later René Descartes viewed animals as lacking reason, with Descartes notoriously describing animals as "mechanisms" or automata incapable of feeling pain. However, dissenting voices existed. Jeremy Bentham, an 18th-century utilitarian philosopher, famously challenged the status quo regarding animals by writing: "The question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but, Can they suffer?" The Birth of Legislation

Welfare advocates focus on the Five Freedoms : In Western philosophy, Aristotle and later René Descartes

A prominent group of neuroscientists signed a declaration stating that non-human animals, including all mammals, birds, and many other creatures (like octopuses), possess the neuroanatomical substrates necessary to generate consciousness. In Western philosophy