Used to detect venous reflux and accurately calculate testicular volume. Peak Retrograde Flow (PRF): Reflux velocity >38is greater than 38 cm/s is a strong indicator of potential testicular damage. ⚖️ Indications for Surgical Intervention
Varicocele is the pathological dilation of the veins within the spermatic cord (pampiniform plexus). It is one of the most common causes of correctable male infertility. varikotsele u detey 1982 okru upd
Based on the Okru proceedings, the recommended treatment for a child with a positive UPD finding and a grade II or III varicocele was the Ivanissevich retroperitoneal approach (high ligation of the internal spermatic veins). Notably, the 1982 paper would have warned against the Palomo procedure (mass ligation of vein and artery) due to the risk of testicular atrophy in growing children—a concern less prominent in modern microsurgical techniques. Post-operative success was defined by the abolition of reflux on follow-up UPD. Used to detect venous reflux and accurately calculate