: A philosophical approach that posits animals have intrinsic value and inherent rights (such as the right to live free from exploitation), independent of their utility to humans.
The scientific community increasingly embraces the 3Rs principle : Replacement (using non-animal models like organs-on-a-chip), Reduction (using fewer animals), and Refinement (minimizing pain and distress through better anesthesia or housing). Entertainment and Tourism : A philosophical approach that posits animals have
Using non-animal alternatives like computer modeling or in vitro human cell cultures. Animal testing in medical, cosmetic, and scientific research
Animal testing in medical, cosmetic, and scientific research. In 2022, a court in Argentina granted habeas
The Global Evolution of Animal Welfare and Rights: Ethics, Law, and Action
Marine parks (keeping cetaceans in small concrete tanks), roadside zoos, elephant riding tourism, and trophy hunting operations.
While they have yet to win a final appellate ruling, they succeeded in forcing courts to hear the argument. In 2022, a court in Argentina granted habeas corpus to a chimpanzee named Cecilia, ordering her release to a sanctuary.